OBSTRUCCIÓN COLÓNICA MALIGNA IZQUIERDA: STENT METÁLICO AUTOEXPANDIBLE COMO PUENTE A CIRUGÍA VERSUS CIRUGÍA DE URGENCIA
Palabras clave:
obstrucción intestinal maligna; cáncer colorrectal; stent colónico; SEMS; cirugía de urgencia; puente a cirugía; revisión sistemáticaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i19.0996
Resumen
Introducción: La obstrucción aguda maligna del colon izquierdo constituye una urgencia oncológica asociada con elevada morbilidad, riesgo de ostomía y necesidad de decisiones terapéuticas rápidas. El stent metálico autoexpandible (SEMS) como puente a cirugía permite descompresión endoscópica y resección diferida, aunque persisten dudas sobre perforación y seguridad oncológica. Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad y seguridad del SEMS como puente a cirugía frente a la cirugía de urgencia en adultos con obstrucción maligna del colon izquierdo potencialmente resecable. Métodos: Revisión sistemática actualizada conforme a PRISMA 2020. Se utilizó como búsqueda base la revisión sistemática y metaanálisis en red de McHugh et al. (búsqueda hasta agosto de 2023; 5.225 registros), restringiendo la síntesis a comparaciones directas SEMS versus resección de urgencia. Se realizó una actualización dirigida desde enero de 2024 hasta el 30 de abril de 2026 en PubMed/PMC, Google Scholar, SciELO y rastreo de referencias, priorizando publicaciones con texto completo accesible. Se evaluaron mortalidad, morbilidad, ostomía, anastomosis primaria, abordaje mínimamente invasivo, perforación y resultados oncológicos. Resultados: La evidencia comparativa favorece al SEMS en desenlaces quirúrgicos a corto plazo: menor morbilidad global, menor frecuencia de ostomía definitiva y mayor probabilidad de anastomosis primaria y cirugía mínimamente invasiva. Los ensayos aleatorizados no muestran una reducción consistente de la mortalidad. Los análisis contemporáneos no identifican diferencias claras en supervivencia global o libre de enfermedad, aunque la perforación relacionada con el stent mantiene una preocupación oncológica relevante. Conclusiones: En centros con experiencia endoscópica, el SEMS como puente a cirugía es una alternativa válida a la cirugía de urgencia para pacientes seleccionados con obstrucción maligna izquierda sin perforación. Su principal beneficio es reducir la carga quirúrgica inmediata y la necesidad de ostomía.
Palabras claves: obstrucción intestinal maligna; cáncer colorrectal; stent colónico; SEMS; cirugía de urgencia; puente a cirugía; revisión sistemática.
Abstract
Introduction: Acute malignant obstruction of the left colon is an oncological emergency associated with high morbidity, the risk of ostomy, and the need for rapid therapeutic decisions. The use of a self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery allows for endoscopic decompression and delayed resection, although concerns regarding perforation and oncological safety persist. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of SEMS as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery in adults with potentially resectable malignant left-sided colonic obstruction. Methods: A systematic review updated in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The systematic review and network meta-analysis by McHugh et al. (search up to August 2023; 5,225 records) served as the baseline search, with the synthesis restricted to direct comparisons between SEMS and emergency resection. A targeted update was conducted covering the period from January 2024 to April 30, 2026, using PubMed/PMC, Google Scholar, and SciELO, alongside reference tracking, prioritizing publications with accessible full text. Outcomes evaluated included mortality, morbidity, ostomy rates, primary anastomosis, minimally invasive approaches, perforation, and oncological results. Results: Comparative evidence favors SEMS regarding short-term surgical outcomes: lower overall morbidity, lower rates of permanent ostomy, and a higher likelihood of primary anastomosis and minimally invasive surgery. Randomized trials do not show a consistent reduction in mortality. Contemporary analyses reveal no clear differences in overall or disease-free survival, although stent-related perforation remains a significant oncological concern. Conclusions: In centers with endoscopic expertise, SEMS as a bridge to surgery is a valid alternative to emergency surgery for selected patients with malignant left-sided obstruction without perforation. Its primary benefit lies in reducing the immediate surgical burden and the need for an ostomy.
Keywords: malignant bowel obstruction; colorectal cancer; colonic stent; SEMS; emergency surgery; bridge to surgery; systematic review.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 23 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 21 de septiembre de 2026.
Descargas
Citas
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
van Hooft JE, Bemelman WA, Oldenburg B, et al. Colonic stenting versus emergency surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(4):344-352. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70035-3.
Cheung HYS, Chung CC, Tsang WWC, et al. Endolaparoscopic approach vs conventional open surgery in the treatment of obstructing left-sided colon cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg. 2009;144(12):1127-1132. doi:10.1001/archsurg.2009.216.
Alcántara M, Serra-Aracil X, Falcó J, et al. Prospective, controlled, randomized study of intraoperative colonic lavage versus stent placement in obstructive left-sided colonic cancer. World J Surg. 2011;35(8):1904-1910. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1139-y.
Pirlet IA, Slim K, Kwiatkowski F, et al. Emergency preoperative stenting versus surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Surg Endosc. 2011.
Ho KS, Quah HM, Lim JF, Tang CL, Eu KW. Endoscopic stenting and elective surgery versus emergency surgery for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction: a prospective randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(3):355-362. doi:10.1007/s00384-011-1331-4.
Ghazal AHA, El-Shazly WG, Bessa SS, El-Riwini MT, Hussein AM. Colonic endolumenal stenting devices and elective surgery versus emergency subtotal/total colectomy in malignant obstructed left colon carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(6):1123-1129. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2152-2.
Tung KLM, Cheung HYS, Ng LWC, Chung CCC, Li MKW. Endo-laparoscopic approach versus conventional open surgery in obstructing left-sided colon cancer: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial. Asian J Endosc Surg. 2013;6(2):78-81. doi:10.1111/ases.12030.
Arezzo A, Passera R, Lo Secco G, et al. Stent as bridge to surgery for left-sided malignant colonic obstruction reduces adverse events and stoma rate compared with emergency surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;86(3):416-426. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2017.03.1542.
Arezzo A, et al. Colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for malignant colonic obstruction: results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial (ESCO trial). Surg Endosc. 2017;31:3297-3305. doi:10.1007/s00464-016-5362-3.
Arezzo A, Forcignanò E, Bonino MA, et al. Long-term oncologic results after stenting as a bridge to surgery versus emergency surgery for malignant left-sided colonic obstruction: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (ESCO Trial). Ann Surg. 2020;272(5):703-708. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004324.
van Hooft JE, Veld JV, Arnold D, et al. Self-expandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extracolonic cancer: ESGE Guideline - Update 2020. Endoscopy. 2020;52(5):389-407. doi:10.1055/a-1140-3017.
McHugh FT, Ryan ÉJ, Ryan OK, et al. Management strategies for malignant left-sided colonic obstruction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and propensity score matching studies. Dis Colon Rectum. 2024;67(7):878-894. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000003256.
Shang R, Han X, Zeng C. Colonic stent as a bridge to surgery versus emergency resection for malignant left-sided colorectal obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(50):e36078. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000036078.
Outcomes of colonic stent as a bridge to surgery vs emergency surgery for acute obstructive left-sided colon cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2025. PMID: 40740895.
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Guideline on endoscopic management of benign and malignant colonic strictures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2026.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 REVISTA CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ARBITRADA YACHASUN - ISSN: 2697-3456

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.


























