DETECCIÓN TEMPRANA DEL DETERIORO CLÍNICO POR ENFERMERÍA MEDIANTE ESCALAS DE ALERTA PRECOZ: IMPACTO EN MORTALIDAD Y EVENTOS ADVERSOS
Palabras clave:
deterioro clínico; enfermería; early warning score; NEWS; NEWS2; MEWS; mortalidad; seguridad del paciente; respuesta rápidaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i19.0985
Resumen
Introducción: Las escalas de alerta precoz transforman cambios fisiológicos y señales de vigilancia clínica en umbrales de respuesta. En hospitalización, enfermería ocupa una posición central porque realiza la monitorización seriada, calcula o valida las puntuaciones, reconoce trayectorias de deterioro y activa la escalada asistencial. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre el impacto de la detección temprana del deterioro clínico mediante escalas de alerta precoz utilizadas por enfermería sobre mortalidad, paro cardiorrespiratorio, ingreso no planificado a cuidados intensivos y otros eventos adversos. Métodos: Revisión sistemática enfocada y actualización siguiendo PRISMA 2020. Se verificó literatura hasta el 30 de abril de 2026 en PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO y Google Scholar, complementada por rastreo de referencias y verificación cruzada con una revisión sistemática contemporánea de NEWS/NEWS2. Se priorizaron estudios comparativos o de implementación con texto completo recuperable, en los que enfermería participó directamente en medición, puntuación, vigilancia, comunicación o escalada. Se excluyeron estudios exclusivamente pronósticos sin implementación clínica, resúmenes sin manuscrito completo y trabajos centrados solo en UCI. Resultados: Trece estudios primarios con texto completo conformaron la síntesis. La evidencia mostró que los sistemas de alerta precoz mejoran la frecuencia y calidad de la monitorización y pueden reducir eventos graves cuando se integran con protocolos de respuesta. Un ensayo por conglomerados con 60.956 pacientes mostró mejor monitorización y asociación entre adherencia al protocolo y menor mortalidad. En un estudio cuasiexperimental, NEWS redujo paro cardiorrespiratorio (4,7% a 1,1%), ingreso no planificado a UCI (5,3% a 1,7%), cirugía urgente (6,3% a 0%) y lesión renal aguda (6,8% a 1,1%). En contraste, algunos estudios no demostraron cambios significativos en desenlaces clínicos, lo que sugiere que la puntuación aislada no es suficiente. La revisión sistemática de NEWS/NEWS2 publicada en 2026 estimó menor mortalidad (OR 0,79; IC95% 0,66–0,94), aunque con heterogeneidad muy alta y certeza baja. Conclusiones: Las escalas de alerta precoz apoyan la vigilancia enfermera y parecen ser más efectivas cuando están vinculadas a una respuesta estructurada, escalada oportuna y cultura que permita activar ayuda sin barreras jerárquicas. La evidencia sobre mortalidad es favorable pero de certeza limitada; el efecto es más consistente para procesos de monitorización, reconocimiento temprano y algunos eventos adversos que para mortalidad por sí sola.
Palabras claves: deterioro clínico; enfermería; early warning score; NEWS; NEWS2; MEWS; mortalidad; seguridad del paciente; respuesta rápida.
Abstract
Introduction: Early warning scores translate physiological changes and clinical monitoring signs into response thresholds. In inpatient settings, nursing staff play a central role by performing serial monitoring, calculating or validating scores, recognizing trajectories of deterioration, and initiating escalation of care. Objective: To synthesize available evidence regarding the impact of early detection of clinical deterioration—using nursing-administered early warning scores—on mortality, cardiorespiratory arrest, unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and other adverse events. Methods: A focused systematic review and update following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature was searched up to April 30, 2026, in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar; this was supplemented by reference tracking and cross-verification with a contemporary systematic review of NEWS/NEWS2. Priority was given to comparative or implementation studies with retrievable full text in which nursing staff directly participated in measurement, scoring, monitoring, communication, or escalation. Studies focused exclusively on prognosis without clinical implementation, abstracts lacking a full manuscript, and works focused solely on the ICU were excluded. Results: Thirteen primary full-text studies formed the basis of the synthesis. Evidence indicated that early warning systems improve the frequency and quality of monitoring and can reduce serious events when integrated with response protocols. A cluster trial involving 60,956 patients demonstrated improved monitoring and an association between protocol adherence and lower mortality. In a quasi-experimental study, NEWS reduced cardiorespiratory arrest (4.7% to 1.1%), unplanned ICU admission (5.3% to 1.7%), urgent surgery (6.3% to 0%), and acute kidney injury (6.8% to 1.1%). In contrast, some studies showed no significant changes in clinical outcomes, suggesting that scoring alone is insufficient. The systematic review of NEWS/NEWS2 published in 2026 estimated lower mortality (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.94), albeit with very high heterogeneity and low certainty. Conclusions: Early warning scores support nursing surveillance and appear more effective when linked to a structured response, timely escalation, and a culture that allows for summoning help without hierarchical barriers. The evidence regarding mortality is favorable but of limited certainty; the effect is more consistent regarding monitoring processes, early recognition, and certain adverse events than for mortality alone.
Keywords: clinical deterioration; nursing; early warning score; NEWS; NEWS2; MEWS; mortality; patient safety; rapid response.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 13 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de julio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 28 de agosto de 2026.
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