HIPERTERMIA MALIGNA ASOCIADA A SUCCINILCOLINA DURANTE ANESTESIA GENERAL. REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA
Palabras clave:
hipertermia maligna; succinilcolina; suxametonio; anestesia general; dantroleno; PRISMA 2020Resumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i19.0937
Resumen
Introducción: La hipertermia maligna es una crisis hipermetabólica farmacogenética potencialmente letal, desencadenada por anestésicos volátiles y por el bloqueador neuromuscular despolarizante succinilcolina en personas susceptibles. La presentación inicial puede ser hipercapnia, taquicardia, rigidez muscular o espasmo maseterino; el aumento de temperatura no siempre es el primer signo. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia clínica sobre la relación entre la exposición a succinilcolina durante anestesia general y la aparición, fenotipo, temporalidad, complicaciones y mortalidad de la hipertermia maligna. Métodos: Revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020. Se realizaron búsquedas en MEDLINE/PubMed, PubMed Central/Europe PMC y referencias de artículos relevantes hasta el 27 de julio de 2026. Se incluyeron estudios humanos con datos primarios sobre crisis de hipertermia maligna y exposición a succinilcolina, sola o combinada con anestésicos volátiles. Se efectuó síntesis narrativa por heterogeneidad clínica, metodológica y superposición entre registros. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 estudios. En una estimación basada en registro, el riesgo relativo de hipertermia maligna con succinilcolina frente a su ausencia fue 19,6; restringido a anestésicos volátiles, fue 9,1. En una cohorte canadiense de 129 probandos susceptibles confirmados, 15,5% de las reacciones índice se atribuyeron a succinilcolina sola; en otro análisis multicéntrico se documentaron 24 crisis tras succinilcolina sin agentes volátiles. La coadministración acortó el tiempo de inicio y, en población pediátrica, se asoció con mayor frecuencia de espasmo maseterino, rigidez y orina oscura. El retraso del dantroleno y la monitorización térmica inadecuada se relacionaron con más complicaciones y mortalidad. Conclusiones: La succinilcolina es un desencadenante clínicamente relevante de hipertermia maligna y puede precipitar crisis sin anestésicos volátiles, aunque la mayoría de las series incluyen coexposición. Ante hipercapnia inexplicada, taquicardia, rigidez o espasmo maseterino después de su administración, el tratamiento debe iniciarse sin esperar hipertermia. Debe existir disponibilidad inmediata de dantroleno en toda área donde se utilice succinilcolina.
Palabras claves: hipertermia maligna; succinilcolina; suxametonio; anestesia general; dantroleno; PRISMA 2020.
Abstract
Background: Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially fatal pharmacogenetic hypermetabolic crisis triggered by volatile anesthetics and the depolarizing neuromuscular blocker succinylcholine in susceptible individuals. Early manifestations may include hypercapnia, tachycardia, muscle rigidity, or masseter spasm; hyperthermia is not invariably the first sign. Objective: To synthesize clinical evidence on the relationship between succinylcholine exposure during general anesthesia and the occurrence, phenotype, timing, complications, and mortality of malignant hyperthermia. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020. MEDLINE/PubMed, PubMed Central/Europe PMC, and reference lists were searched through July 27, 2026. Human primary studies reporting malignant hyperthermia events and succinylcholine exposure, either alone or combined with volatile anesthetics, were included. Narrative synthesis was used because of clinical and methodological heterogeneity and registry overlap. Results: Twelve studies were included. A registry-based estimate found a relative risk of 19.6 for malignant hyperthermia with versus without succinylcholine; when restricted to volatile anesthetics, the relative risk was 9.1. In a Canadian cohort of 129 confirmed susceptible probands, 15.5% of index reactions were attributed to succinylcholine alone; another multicenter analysis identified 24 crises after succinylcholine without volatile anesthetics. Co-administration shortened onset time, and pediatric exposure was associated with more masseter spasm, rigidity, and dark urine. Delayed dantrolene and inadequate temperature monitoring were associated with complications and death. Conclusions: Succinylcholine is a clinically important malignant hyperthermia trigger and may precipitate crises in the absence of volatile anesthetics, although most series include combined exposure. Treatment should begin promptly when unexplained hypercapnia, tachycardia, rigidity, or masseter spasm occurs after administration, without waiting for fever. Dantrolene should be immediately available wherever succinylcholine is used.
Keywords: malignant hyperthermia; succinylcholine; suxamethonium; general anesthesia; dantrolene; PRISMA 2020.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 14 de abril de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 18 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 REVISTA CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ARBITRADA YACHASUN - ISSN: 2697-3456

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