FRACTURA PÉLVICA INESTABLE: MANEJO INICIAL Y CONTROL DE HEMORRAGIA
Palabras clave:
fracturas de pelvis; hemorragia; choque hemorrágico; embolización terapéutica; packing preperitoneal; REBOA; control de dañosResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i19.0988
Resumen
Introducción: Las fracturas inestables del anillo pélvico asociadas a shock hemorrágico constituyen una emergencia tiempo-dependiente. La mortalidad se relaciona no solo con la magnitud anatómica de la lesión, sino también con la rapidez con la que se obtiene control mecánico y hemostático. Persisten controversias sobre la secuencia óptima entre packing pélvico preperitoneal (PPP), angioembolización (AE) y oclusión endovascular resucitativa de la aorta (REBOA). Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible hasta el 30 de abril de 2026 sobre el manejo inicial y las estrategias de control hemorrágico en adultos con fractura pélvica inestable e inestabilidad hemodinámica, priorizando estudios con texto completo recuperable. Métodos: Revisión sistemática guiada por PRISMA 2020. Se diseñaron estrategias reproducibles para PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciELO y Scopus, con términos relacionados con pelvic fracture, hemodynamic instability, hemorrhage, pelvic binder, preperitoneal packing, angioembolization y REBOA. Se incluyeron estudios primarios en adultos, publicados entre 2000 y el 30 de abril de 2026, con texto completo recuperable y resultados clínicos de control hemorrágico. Debido a la heterogeneidad de poblaciones, definiciones, secuencias terapéuticas y al solapamiento de cohortes nacionales, se realizó síntesis narrativa estructurada en lugar de un metaanálisis de novo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 15 estudios primarios. La estabilización circunferencial pélvica constituye una medida inmediata de bajo tiempo de implementación, aunque estudios recientes muestran errores frecuentes de colocación. El PPP proporciona control rápido de sangrado predominantemente venoso/óseo y se asocia repetidamente con reducción de requerimientos transfusionales; entre 9% y 31% de algunas series requirieron AE secundaria. La AE es el tratamiento definitivo del sangrado arterial y los estudios contemporáneos enfatizan que su beneficio depende de un acceso rápido. Comparaciones ajustadas entre PPP y AE no muestran superioridad causal uniforme; la elección está fuertemente condicionada por la gravedad y el contexto. REBOA puede elevar transitoriamente la presión central, pero la evidencia permanece observacional, inconsistente y con riesgo de confusión por indicación; debe considerarse un puente de rescate y no una terapia definitiva. Conclusiones: La evidencia favorece un algoritmo fisiológico y dependiente de recursos: reanimación de control de daños, binder correctamente colocado, exclusión rápida de otras fuentes de hemorragia y acceso sin demora al método definitivo más disponible. En centros con capacidad endovascular inmediata, la AE es apropiada ante sospecha de sangrado arterial; cuando existe shock profundo, necesidad de laparotomía o demora endovascular, el PPP con estabilización mecánica ofrece control rápido y puede complementarse con AE. No existe evidencia de alta certeza que justifique una estrategia única para todos los pacientes.
Palabras claves: fracturas de pelvis; hemorragia; choque hemorrágico; embolización terapéutica; packing preperitoneal; REBOA; control de daños.
Abstract
Introduction: Unstable pelvic ring fractures associated with hemorrhagic shock constitute a time-critical emergency. Mortality is linked not only to the anatomical severity of the injury but also to the speed with which mechanical and hemostatic control is achieved. Controversies persist regarding the optimal sequence of preperitoneal pelvic packing (PPP), angioembolization (AE), and resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). Objective: To synthesize the evidence available up to April 30, 2026, regarding initial management and hemorrhage control strategies in adults with unstable pelvic fractures and hemodynamic instability, prioritizing studies with retrievable full text. Methods: A systematic review guided by PRISMA 2020. Reproducible search strategies were designed for PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciELO, and Scopus, using terms related to pelvic fracture, hemodynamic instability, hemorrhage, pelvic binder, preperitoneal packing, angioembolization, and REBOA. Primary studies involving adults, published between 2000 and April 30, 2026, with retrievable full text and clinical outcomes regarding hemorrhage control, were included. Due to the heterogeneity of populations, definitions, and therapeutic sequences, as well as the overlap of national cohorts, a structured narrative synthesis was performed instead of a *de novo* meta-analysis. Results: Fifteen primary studies were included. Circumferential pelvic stabilization is an immediate measure that can be implemented quickly, although recent studies show frequent placement errors. PPP provides rapid control of predominantly venous/osseous bleeding and is consistently associated with reduced transfusion requirements; between 9% and 31% of patients in some series required secondary AE. AE is the definitive treatment for arterial bleeding, and contemporary studies emphasize that its benefit depends on rapid access. Adjusted comparisons between PPP and AE do not show uniform causal superiority; The choice is strongly conditioned by the severity and the context. REBOA can transiently raise central pressure, but the evidence remains observational, inconsistent, and subject to confounding by indication; it should be considered a rescue bridge rather than a definitive therapy. Conclusions: Evidence supports a physiological and resource-dependent algorithm: damage-control resuscitation, a correctly placed binder, rapid exclusion of other sources of hemorrhage, and prompt access to the most readily available definitive treatment. In centers with immediate endovascular capabilities, arterial embolization (AE) is appropriate when arterial bleeding is suspected; in cases of profound shock, the need for laparotomy, or delays in endovascular intervention, pelvic packing (PPP) combined with mechanical stabilization offers rapid control and can be supplemented by AE. There is no high-certainty evidence to justify a "one-size-fits-all" strategy for all patients.
Keywords: pelvic fractures; hemorrhage; hemorrhagic shock; therapeutic embolization; preperitoneal packing; REBOA; damage control.
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Fecha de recepción: 13 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de julio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 28 de agosto de 2026.
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