RETINOPATÍA DIABÉTICA: FACTORES ASOCIADOS A PROGRESIÓN Y ADHERENCIA AL TAMIZAJE
Palabras clave:
retinopatía diabética; tamizaje; adherencia; progresión; teleoftalmología; inteligencia artificial; prevención de cegueraResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i18.0882
Resumen
La retinopatía diabética (RD) continúa siendo una de las principales causas de discapacidad visual prevenible en la población adulta con diabetes mellitus. Su relevancia clínica y de salud pública no solo radica en la carga de enfermedad, sino también en que una proporción considerable de los casos con compromiso visual puede prevenirse mediante control metabólico intensivo, manejo multifactorial del riesgo cardiovascular y estrategias de detección oportuna. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue sintetizar la evidencia reciente sobre los factores asociados con la progresión de la RD y con la adherencia al tamizaje, con énfasis en publicaciones de alto impacto y guías clínicas actualizadas. Se realizó una actualización bibliográfica narrativa con priorización de guías internacionales, revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y estudios clave disponibles en revistas biomédicas de alto impacto. Se dio especial peso a documentos recientes sobre tamizaje, teleoftalmología, inteligencia artificial y predictores clínicos de progresión. La evidencia muestra que la progresión de la RD se relaciona de forma consistente con mayor duración de la diabetes, mal control glucémico sostenido, hipertensión arterial, enfermedad renal diabética, severidad basal de la retinopatía y, en contextos específicos, con reducciones rápidas de la hemoglobina glucosilada. En contraste, la adherencia al tamizaje depende de una red compleja de factores individuales, sociales y del sistema sanitario, entre ellos edad, nivel educativo, ingreso económico, cobertura de seguro, residencia urbana, alfabetización en salud, percepción de riesgo, antecedente de enfermedad ocular y accesibilidad al servicio. Las intervenciones con mejor respaldo incluyen recordatorios, abordajes multicomponente, teleoftalmología, cribado con fotografía de fondo de ojo en atención primaria y algoritmos de inteligencia artificial. Se concluye que la prevención de ceguera por RD requiere integrar control clínico intensivo con modelos de tamizaje oportuno, accesible y centrado en el riesgo. En escenarios latinoamericanos y de recursos limitados, la combinación de atención primaria, imágenes retinianas remotas y estrategias de convocatoria puede mejorar la cobertura y reducir inequidades.
Palabras claves: retinopatía diabética; tamizaje; adherencia; progresión; teleoftalmología; inteligencia artificial; prevención de ceguera.
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of preventable visual impairment in adults with diabetes mellitus. Its clinical and public health relevance lies not only in the burden of disease but also in the fact that a significant proportion of cases with visual impairment can be prevented through intensive metabolic control, multifactorial management of cardiovascular risk, and early detection strategies. The objective of this narrative review was to synthesize recent evidence on factors associated with DR progression and adherence to screening, with an emphasis on high-impact publications and updated clinical guidelines. A narrative literature update was conducted, prioritizing international guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and key studies available in high-impact biomedical journals. Particular emphasis was placed on recent documents related to screening, teleophthalmology, artificial intelligence, and clinical predictors of progression. Evidence shows that diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression is consistently associated with longer duration of diabetes, poor sustained glycemic control, hypertension, diabetic kidney disease, baseline retinopathy severity, and, in specific contexts, with rapid reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). In contrast, adherence to screening depends on a complex network of individual, social, and healthcare system factors, including age, education level, income, insurance coverage, urban residence, health literacy, risk perception, history of eye disease, and service accessibility. The best-supported interventions include reminders, multicomponent approaches, teleophthalmology, fundus photography screening in primary care, and artificial intelligence algorithms. It is concluded that preventing blindness from DR requires integrating intensive clinical management with timely, accessible, and risk-centered screening models. In Latin American and resource-limited settings, combining primary care, remote retinal imaging, and outreach strategies can improve coverage and reduce inequities.
Keywords: diabetic retinopathy; screening; adherence; progression; teleophthalmology; artificial intelligence; blindness prevention.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 09 de febrero de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 15 de abril de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 20 de mayo de 2026.
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