EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGOS ERGONÓMICOS BASADA EN EL ANÁLISIS POSTURAL EN TRABAJADORES DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN
Palabras clave:
Ergonomía, Análisis Postural, Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas, ConstrucciónResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v9i16.0630
Resumen
En la industria de la construcción, las tareas diarias suelen implicar jornadas extensas y un ritmo acelerado, generalmente en espacios reducidos y abarrotados, lo que obliga a adoptar posturas incómodas, como agacharse, girarse y arrodillarse con frecuencia. Este entorno exigente favorece la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos, una de las afecciones más comunes entre los obreros, conjunto de enfermedades que no solo disminuyen la productividad, sino que también generan ausencias laborales, pérdida de días de trabajo e incluso incapacidades permanentes. En esta investigación se evaluó la exposición ergonómica de 53 trabajadores mediante el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka, complementado con un análisis postural a través de mediciones goniométricas y la aplicación del método RULA. Los resultados evidenciaron una alta prevalencia de posturas inadecuadas y niveles de riesgo alto, los obreros manifestaron mayor dolor en la región dorsal-lumbar, hombros y cuello, lo que se asocia con el potencial desarrollo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos. Estos hallazgos demuestran la necesidad de implementar estrategias integrales de intervención a nivel ergonómico en la industria de la construcción.
Palabras claves: Ergonomía, Análisis Postural, Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas, Construcción.
Abstract
In the construction industry, daily tasks often involve long periods of work and a fast pace, usually in cramped and crowded spaces. These conditions force workers to adopt uncomfortable postures, such as bending, twisting, and kneeling frequently. This demanding environment promotes the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders, one of the most common ailments among laborers. These disorders not only decrease productivity but also cause absenteeism, loss of workdays, and even permanent disabilities. In this study, the ergonomic exposure of 53 workers was assessed using the Kuorinka Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, complemented by a postural analysis through goniometric measurements and the application of the RULA method. The results revealed a high prevalence of inadequate postures and elevated risk levels, with workers reporting significant pain in the dorsal-lumbar region, shoulders, and neck, which is associated with the potential development of musculoskeletal disorders. These findings demonstrate the need to implement comprehensive ergonomic intervention strategies within the construction industry.
Keywords: Ergonomics, Postural Analysis, Musculoskeletal Injuries, Construction.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 10 de enero de 2025.
Fecha de aceptación: 29 de abril de 2025.
Fecha de publicación: 26 de mayo de 2025.
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