IMPACTO DE LA SARCOPENIA PREOPERATORIA EN LOS RESULTADOS DE LA CIRUGÍA ONCOLÓGICA: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

sarcopenia; cirugía oncológica; composición corporal; complicaciones posoperatorias; supervivencia; prehabilitación; tomografía computarizada

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/yc.v10i19.0939

Resumen

Introducción: La sarcopenia y, con mayor frecuencia en la literatura quirúrgica, la baja masa o calidad muscular identificada mediante tomografía computarizada, pueden representar una reserva fisiológica insuficiente antes de una cirugía oncológica mayor. Objetivo: sintetizar la asociación entre sarcopenia preoperatoria y complicaciones posoperatorias, duración de la hospitalización, mortalidad temprana, recuperación funcional y supervivencia oncológica. Métodos: revisión sistemática informada por PRISMA 2020. Se efectuaron búsquedas focalizadas en PubMed/MEDLINE y Europe PMC, complementadas con rastreo de referencias y citas, desde enero de 2010 hasta el 17 de julio de 2026. Se incluyeron cohortes de adultos sometidos a resección de tumores sólidos que evaluaron sarcopenia o baja masa/calidad muscular antes de la operación y comunicaron desenlaces quirúrgicos u oncológicos. El riesgo de sesgo se valoró con QUIPS. Debido a la heterogeneidad en definiciones, puntos de corte, cirugías y desenlaces, se realizó síntesis narrativa estructurada conforme a SWiM. Resultados: se incluyeron 25 estudios primarios. La mayor parte utilizó el índice muscular esquelético a nivel L3 o medidas del psoas en tomografía; pocos incorporaron fuerza de prensión o rendimiento físico. La sarcopenia se relacionó de forma generalmente consistente con complicaciones graves e infecciosas, estancia prolongada, mortalidad temprana y peor supervivencia global o libre de enfermedad. La asociación fue más estable en cirugía gastrointestinal, hepatopancreatobiliar, hepática y de cabeza y cuello. No obstante, varios estudios no hallaron diferencias para complicaciones específicas, y la magnitud del efecto cambió según el punto de corte y la consideración de mioesteatosis u obesidad sarcopénica. El riesgo de sesgo fue predominantemente moderado por medición heterogénea de la exposición, control incompleto de confusores y diseño retrospectivo. Conclusiones: la alteración muscular preoperatoria identifica a pacientes con mayor vulnerabilidad perioperatoria y peor pronóstico después de cirugía oncológica. Su implementación clínica requiere distinguir sarcopenia confirmada de baja masa muscular aislada y combinar la tomografía disponible con evaluación de fuerza, función, nutrición e inflamación. Se necesitan cohortes prospectivas y ensayos de prehabilitación que utilicen definiciones armonizadas y desenlaces estandarizados.

Palabras claves: sarcopenia; cirugía oncológica; composición corporal; complicaciones posoperatorias; supervivencia; prehabilitación; tomografía computarizada.

Abstract

Background: Sarcopenia—and, more commonly in surgical studies, computed tomography-defined low muscle mass or quality—may indicate insufficient physiological reserve before major cancer surgery. Objective: To synthesize the association between preoperative sarcopenia and postoperative complications, length of stay, early mortality, functional recovery, and oncologic survival. Methods: A systematic review reported in accordance with PRISMA 2020. Focused searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and Europe PMC were supplemented by backward and forward citation searching from January 2010 to 17 July 2026. Eligible studies were adult cohorts undergoing resection of solid tumors that assessed sarcopenia or low muscle mass/quality preoperatively and reported surgical or oncologic outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using QUIPS. Owing to substantial heterogeneity in definitions, cut-offs, surgical procedures, and outcomes, a structured narrative synthesis was performed according to SWiM. Results: Twenty-five primary studies were included. Most used the L3 skeletal muscle index or psoas measurements on computed tomography; few incorporated handgrip strength or physical performance. Sarcopenia was generally associated with major and infectious complications, prolonged hospitalization, early mortality, and poorer overall or disease-free survival. Associations were most consistent in gastrointestinal, hepatopancreatobiliary, hepatic, and head and neck surgery. However, several studies found no differences for specific complications, and effect estimates varied according to cut-offs and whether myosteatosis or sarcopenic obesity was considered. Risk of bias was predominantly moderate because of heterogeneous exposure measurement, incomplete control of confounding, and retrospective designs. Conclusions: Preoperative muscle impairment identifies patients at increased perioperative vulnerability and poorer prognosis following oncologic surgery. Clinical implementation should distinguish confirmed sarcopenia from isolated low muscle mass and combine available computed tomography with assessment of strength, function, nutritional status, and inflammation. Prospective cohorts and prehabilitation trials using harmonized definitions and standardized outcomes are required.

Keywords: sarcopenia; oncologic surgery; body composition; postoperative complications; survival; prehabilitation; computed tomography.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
14 de abril de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 18 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 10 de julio de 2026.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71.

Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160. doi:10.1136/bmj.n160.

Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368:l6890. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6890.

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy169.

Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL, Côté P, Bombardier C. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(4):280-286. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009.

Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):489-495. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7.

Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N, Reiman T, Clandinin MT, McCargar LJ, et al. Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(12):1539-1547. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.2722.

Simonsen C, de Heer P, Bjerre ED, Suetta C, Hojman P, Pedersen BK, et al. Sarcopenia and postoperative complication risk in gastrointestinal surgical oncology: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2018;268(1):58-69. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002679.

Weerink LBM, van der Hoorn A, van Leeuwen BL, de Bock GH. Low skeletal muscle mass and postoperative morbidity in surgical oncology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11(3):636-649. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12529.

Peng PD, van Vledder MG, Tsai S, de Jong MC, Makary M, Ng J, et al. Sarcopenia negatively impacts short-term outcomes in patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13(7):439-446. doi:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00301.x.

Peng P, Hyder O, Firoozmand A, Kneuertz P, Schulick RD, Huang D, et al. Impact of sarcopenia on outcomes following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16(8):1478-1486. doi:10.1007/s11605-012-1923-5.

Lieffers JR, Bathe OF, Fassbender K, Winget M, Baracos VE. Sarcopenia is associated with postoperative infection and delayed recovery from colorectal cancer resection surgery. Br J Cancer. 2012;107(6):931-936. doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.350.

Harimoto N, Shirabe K, Yamashita YI, Ikegami T, Yoshizumi T, Soejima Y, et al. Sarcopenia as a predictor of prognosis in patients following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 2013;100(11):1523-1530. doi:10.1002/bjs.9258.

Reisinger KW, van Vugt JLA, Tegels JJW, Snijders C, Hulsewé KWE, Hoofwijk AGM, et al. Functional compromise reflected by sarcopenia, frailty, and nutritional depletion predicts adverse postoperative outcome after colorectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2015;261(2):345-352. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000628.

Miyamoto Y, Baba Y, Sakamoto Y, Ohuchi M, Tokunaga R, Kurashige J, et al. Sarcopenia is a negative prognostic factor after curative resection of colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(8):2663-2668. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4281-6.

Tegels JJW, van Vugt JLA, Reisinger KW, Hulsewé KWE, Hoofwijk AGM, Derikx JPM, et al. Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer but not associated with worse outcomes. J Surg Oncol. 2015;112(4):403-407. doi:10.1002/jso.24015.

Voron T, Tselikas L, Pietrasz D, Pigneur F, Laurent A, Compagnon P, et al. Sarcopenia impacts on short- and long-term results of hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2015;261(6):1173-1183. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000743.

Makiura D, Ono R, Inoue J, Kashiwa M, Oshikiri T, Nakamura T, et al. Preoperative sarcopenia is a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications in esophageal cancer following esophagectomy. J Geriatr Oncol. 2016;7(6):430-436. doi:10.1016/j.jgo.2016.08.002.

Zhuang CL, Huang DD, Pang WY, Zhou CJ, Wang SL, Lou N, et al. Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of severe postoperative complications and long-term survival after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(13):e3164. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003164.

Nishida Y, Kato Y, Kudo M, Aizawa H, Okubo S, Takahashi D, et al. Preoperative sarcopenia strongly influences the risk of postoperative pancreatic fistula formation after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20(9):1586-1594. doi:10.1007/s11605-016-3146-7.

Fukuda Y, Yamamoto K, Hirao M, Nishikawa K, Nagatsuma Y, Nakayama T, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with severe postoperative complications in elderly gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy. Gastric Cancer. 2016;19(3):986-993. doi:10.1007/s10120-015-0546-4.

Nakanishi R, Oki E, Sasaki S, Hirose K, Jogo T, Edahiro K, et al. Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of complications after colorectal cancer surgery. Surg Today. 2018;48(2):151-157. doi:10.1007/s00595-017-1564-0.

Chen WZ, Chen XD, Ma LL, Zhang FM, Lin J, Zhuang CL, et al. Impact of visceral obesity and sarcopenia on short-term outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(6):1620-1630. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5019-2.

Choi MH, Yoon SB, Lee K, Song M, Lee IS, Lee MA, et al. Preoperative sarcopenia and postoperative accelerated muscle loss negatively impact survival after resection of pancreatic cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(2):326-334. doi:10.1002/jcsm.12274.

Nakamura R, Inage Y, Tobita R, Yoneyama S, Numata T, Ota K, et al. Sarcopenia in resected non-small cell lung cancer: effect on postoperative outcomes. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13(7):895-903. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.04.012.

Dolan DR, Knight KA, Maguire S, Moug SJ. The relationship between sarcopenia and survival at 1 year in patients having elective colorectal cancer surgery. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(9):877-885. doi:10.1007/s10151-019-02072-0.

Kawaguchi Y, Hanaoka J, Ohshio Y, Igarashi T, Okamoto K, Kaku R, et al. Sarcopenia predicts poor postoperative outcome in elderly patients with lung cancer. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;67(11):949-954. doi:10.1007/s11748-019-01125-3.

Shinohara S, Otsuki R, Kobayashi K, Sugaya M, Matsuo M, Nakagawa M. Impact of sarcopenia on surgical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27(7):2427-2435. doi:10.1245/s10434-020-08224-z.

Lin SC, Lin YS, Kang BH, Yin CH, Chang KP, Chi CC, et al. Sarcopenia results in poor survival rates in oral cavity cancer patients. Clin Otolaryngol. 2020;45(3):327-333. doi:10.1111/coa.13481.

Aro R, Mäkäräinen-Uhlbäck E, Ämmälä N, Rautio T, Ohtonen P, Saarnio J, et al. The impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on postoperative outcomes and 5-year survival in curatively operated colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2020;46(9):1656-1662. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2020.03.206.

Sun C, Anraku M, Kawahara T, Karasaki T, Konoeda C, Kitano K, et al. Combination of skeletal muscle mass and density predicts postoperative complications and survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2022;29(3):1816-1824. doi:10.1245/s10434-021-11024-8.

Huang CH, Lue KH, Chen PR, Hsieh TC, Chou YF. Association between sarcopenia and immediate complications and mortality in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing surgery. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(3):785. doi:10.3390/cancers14030785.

Nunes GD, Cardenas LZ, Miola TM, Souza JO, Carniatto LN, Bitencourt AGV. Preoperative evaluation of sarcopenia in patients with colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2023;69(2):222-227. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20220339.

Li R, Chen B, Chen Z, Su Q, He Q, Yang J, et al. Impact of sarcopenia on the short-term and long-term outcomes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma undergoing hepatectomy: a multi-center study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2024;50(4):108246. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108246.

Keshavjee S, Mckechnie T, Shi V, Abbas M, Huang E, Amin N, et al. The impact of sarcopenia on postoperative outcomes in colorectal cancer surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Surg. 2025;91(5):887-900. doi:10.1177/00031348251329748.

Yang Z, Zhou X, Ma B, Xing Y, Jiang X, Wang Z. Predictive value of preoperative sarcopenia in patients with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Gastrointest Surg. 2018;22(11):1890-1902.

Xie H, Wei L, Liu M, Yuan G, Tang S, Gan J. Preoperative computed tomography-assessed sarcopenia as a predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021;406:1775-1788.

Guo Z, Gu C, Gan S, Li Y, Xiang S, Gong L. Sarcopenia as a predictor of postoperative outcomes after urologic oncology surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol. 2020;38(6):560-573.

Wang SL, Zhuang CL, Huang DD, Pang WY, Lou N, Chen FF, et al. Sarcopenia adversely impacts postoperative clinical outcomes following gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer: a prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(2):556-564.

Shachar SS, Williams GR, Muss HB, Nishijima TF. Prognostic value of sarcopenia in adults with solid tumours: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 2016;57:58-67. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.12.030.

Descargas

Publicado

2026-07-10

Cómo citar

Sánchez-Macas, C. P., Lagos-Morillo, B. P., Ayala-Velasco, J. M., Moreno-Jácome, V. A., & Salazar-Fernandez, C. L. (2026). IMPACTO DE LA SARCOPENIA PREOPERATORIA EN LOS RESULTADOS DE LA CIRUGÍA ONCOLÓGICA: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINARIA ARBITRADA YACHASUN - ISSN: 2697-3456, 10(19), 336–358. Recuperado a partir de https://www.editorialibkn.com/index.php/Yachasun/article/view/1017