Salazar-Gómez et al. (2026)
sistemático, multidimensional y centrado en la corrección rápida de precipitantes, el tamizaje
estructurado y los bundles preventivos no farmacológicos. La farmacoterapia tiene un papel
adyuvante y selectivo.
Palabras claves: Delirium, Pacientes hospitalizados, Inflamación, Microglía, Prevención
primaria.
Abstract
Introduction: delirium is an acute and fluctuating neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with
higher mortality, prolonged hospitalization, institutionalization, and subsequent cognitive decline.
Delayed recognition remains a major clinical limitation in medical wards. Objective: to critically
synthesize recent evidence on neuroinflammatory mechanisms, metabolic precipitants, and
evidence-based strategies for prevention and management of delirium in hospitalized patients.
Methodology: a critical literature review was conducted using publications from 2016 to 2026
retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Systematic reviews,
meta-analyses, cohort studies, and clinical guidelines relevant to internal medicine, psychiatry,
neurology, and critical care were prioritized. Results: current evidence supports a multifactorial
model involving systemic inflammation, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroendocrine stress, and
preexisting brain vulnerability. Modifiable precipitants include hypoxemia, electrolyte
disturbances, dysglycemia, elevated blood urea nitrogen, and exposure to deliriogenic drugs. No
single biomarker is suitable for routine diagnosis, although C-reactive protein, interleukin-6,
cortisol, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and cerebrospinal fluid sTREM2 provide
physiopathological and stratification insights. Multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions
remain the most strongly supported preventive strategy. By contrast, antipsychotics do not show
consistent preventive benefit, and therapeutic use should be reserved for severe agitation or
safety-threatening situations. Conclusions: hospital delirium requires a systematic and
multidimensional approach focused on prompt correction of precipitants, structured screening,
and nonpharmacological prevention bundles. Pharmacologic therapy should remain selective and
adjunctive.
Keywords: Delirium, Inpatients, Inflammation, Microglia, Primary Prevention.
1
. Introducción
En medicina interna, el delirium debe
interpretarse como una
El delirium es una de las
complicaciones neuropsiquiátricas
manifestación de descompensación
sistémica. Con frecuencia es la
expresión inicial de infección,
más
frecuentes
del
paciente
hospitalizado y, a la vez, una de las
más subdetectadas. Su relevancia
clínica excede el cambio conductual
transitorio: se asocia con aumento
de mortalidad, estancia prolongada,
hipoxemia,
hipoperfusión,
alteraciones metabólicas, falla renal
funcional, toxicidad farmacológica o
abstinencia. Por ello, reconocerlo
implica activar una búsqueda
etiológica urgente y no limitarse a
sedar o contener al paciente.1,3,14,15
institucionalización,
dependencia
funcional y deterioro cognitivo a largo
plazo.1-4